Year 11 · ICT · Spring 2
Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Topics 7 to 10 under time
Exam practice7.1 Analysis7.4 Implementation8.3 Security of data
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
You will learn to
- Answer a timed Paper 1 section on topics 7 to 10.
- Compare the four implementation methods, and choose one for a given scenario.
- Compare the four research methods used in analysis.
- Use the mark scheme to mark your answers and update your tracker.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Success criteria
You have got it when you can say:
- I can finish the section in the time given.
- I can justify the best implementation method for a scenario.
- I can give a matched advantage and disadvantage for each research method.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Retrieval starter
Questions from before. Write your answers, then show them.
- Last lesson
Two-factor authentication adds…
A A second proof, like a code sent to your phoneB A firewallC A longer password
A. A second proof, like a code sent to your phone
- Last unit
Reflecting an image…
A Makes it darkerB Mirrors itC Rotates it 90°
B. Mirrors it
- Earlier this year
Software piracy is…
A Illegal copying of softwareB A licenceC A type of virus
A. Illegal copying of software
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Key words (1 of 8)
- Systems life cycle
- The stages used to create a new system: analysis, design, development and testing, implementation, documentation, evaluation.
- Systems analyst
- The person who studies the current system and plans the new one.
- Questionnaire
- A set of written questions given to many people to collect their views.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Key words (2 of 8)
- System specification
- A list of the hardware and software the new system needs.
- Check digit
- An extra digit calculated from the other digits, used to detect input errors.
- Data capture form
- A paper or on-screen form used to collect data.
- Test plan
- A table listing each test, its data, the expected and actual outcomes and any remedial action.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Key words (3 of 8)
- Live data
- Real data from the organisation, used to test the system with known results.
- Direct changeover
- The old system stops and the new one starts immediately.
- Parallel running
- Old and new systems run together until the new one is trusted.
- Pilot running
- The new system is tried in one branch before the rest.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Key words (4 of 8)
- Phased implementation
- The new system is introduced one part at a time across the organisation.
- Evaluation
- Judging the finished system against the original requirements after it has been used.
- Data protection act
- A law controlling how organisations collect, store and use personal data.
- Sensitive personal data
- Personal data, such as health or religion, that could cause harm or unfair treatment if leaked.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Key words (5 of 8)
- Hacking
- Getting into a computer system without permission.
- Phishing
- A fake email with a link to a fake website that steals personal details.
- Smishing
- Phishing using SMS text messages.
- Vishing
- Phishing using voice calls or voicemail.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Key words (6 of 8)
- Pharming
- Malicious code that redirects a user to a fake website even when the correct address is typed.
- Malware
- Any software written to cause harm, such as viruses, worms, spyware or ransomware.
- Shoulder surfing
- Watching someone enter a PIN or password to steal it.
- Card cloning
- Copying the magnetic stripe of a card to make a fake copy.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Key words (7 of 8)
- Key logging
- Recording every key a user presses to steal passwords and card numbers.
- Biometrics
- Identifying a person by a unique body feature such as a fingerprint or face.
- Digital certificate
- An electronic document from a trusted authority that proves a website is genuine.
- SSL
- A protocol that encrypts data between a browser and a web server; shown by https and a padlock.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Key words (8 of 8)
- Encryption
- Scrambling data with a key so only someone with the right key can read it.
- Firewall
- Hardware or software that checks incoming and outgoing traffic and blocks what breaks set rules.
- Two-factor authentication
- Logging in with two different types of proof, such as a password and a code sent to a phone.
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 1 of 17 · part 1 of 2
What a system is and why there is a life cycle
A system is a way of doing a job: the people, the data, the steps and the equipment.
The systems life cycle is the order of stages used to build a new system. Each stage feeds the next.
The stages are: analysis, design, development and testing, implementation, documentation, evaluation.
A systems analyst is the person who studies the old system and plans the new one.
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 1 of 17 · part 2 of 2
What a system is and why there is a life cycle (continued)
Working in stages means problems are found early, when they are cheap to fix. A mistake found after the system is live costs far more.
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 2 of 17 · part 1 of 2
Research method 1 and 2: observation and interviews
Observation means watching people use the current system.
Interviews mean asking people questions face to face, one at a time.
Both methods help the analyst understand the current system before designing a new one.
| Method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Observation | The analyst sees what really happens, not what people say happens. Reliable first-hand data. Fairly cheap: only the analyst's time. | People may work differently because they know they are watched (the Hawthorne effect). It can take a long time. Some tasks are not seen if they happen rarely. |
| Interviews | Questions can be changed during the interview to follow up answers. The analyst can see body language. People can explain problems in detail. | Very time-consuming, so only a few people can be interviewed. Expensive (analyst and staff away from work). People may give answers they think the analyst wants. Not anonymous. |
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 2 of 17 · part 2 of 2
Research method 1 and 2: observation and interviews (continued)
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 3 of 17 · part 1 of 3
Research method 3 and 4: questionnaires and examining documents
A questionnaire is a set of written questions given to many people, on paper or online.
Examining documents means reading the papers and files the current system uses: forms, invoices, reports.
Analysts usually use more than one method, so the weaknesses of one are covered by another.
| Method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Questionnaires | Reach many people quickly and cheaply. Can be anonymous, so answers are more honest. People answer when it suits them. Answers are easy to analyse, especially tick boxes. | Many people do not return them. Questions cannot be explained or changed. People may misunderstand a question. Tick boxes limit the answers people can give. |
| Examining documents | Shows exactly what data the system holds and the format it uses. Helps decide inputs and outputs. Does not interrupt staff. | Very time-consuming to read everything. Documents may be out of date or hard to understand. Costly, because of the analyst's time. |
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 3 of 17 · part 2 of 3
Research method 3 and 4: questionnaires and examining documents (continued)
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 3 of 17 · part 3 of 3
Research method 3 and 4: questionnaires and examining documents (continued)
In exam answers, give an advantage and a disadvantage that fit the scenario. 'It is quick' alone rarely earns a mark. Say quick compared with what, for example 'quicker than interviewing 600 students one by one'.
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 4 of 17 · part 1 of 3
What the analysis must find out
The analyst records the inputs (data going in), processing (what is done to the data) and outputs (results coming out) of the current system.
The analyst also lists the problems with the current system.
From this come the user requirements (what the users need the system to do) and the information requirements (what information the system must produce).
Finally the analyst writes a system specification: the hardware and software the new system needs.
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 4 of 17 · part 2 of 3
What the analysis must find out (continued)
| Item | Library example |
|---|---|
| Inputs | Student ID, book ISBN, date of loan |
| Processing | Work out the return date, check if a book is overdue |
| Outputs | Loan receipt, list of overdue books, reminder emails |
| Problems | Cards get lost, overdue books are not chased |
| User requirement | A librarian can record a loan in under 30 seconds |
| Information requirement | A weekly report of overdue books by tutor group |
| Hardware specification | PC, barcode reader, receipt printer |
| Software specification | Database software, operating system, email software |
7.1 Analysis · The explanation · step 4 of 17 · part 3 of 3
What the analysis must find out (continued)
The hardware and software choices depend on the requirements. For example, scanning book barcodes needs a barcode reader, and storing thousands of records needs enough storage.
7.4 Implementation · The explanation · step 6 of 17 · part 1 of 2
Advantages and disadvantages
Each method trades cost and speed against risk.
The key question: what happens if the new system fails?
| Method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Direct | Cheapest: only one system runs and staff do the work once. Benefits are immediate. Fastest. | Highest risk: if the new system fails, there is no backup and work stops. Data could be lost. Staff must be fully trained before the switch. |
| Parallel | Lowest risk: if the new system fails, the old one is still working. Results can be compared to check the new system. | Most expensive: staff do every job twice, so extra staff or overtime are needed. Takes longest. Data entered twice can lead to errors. |
| Pilot | If it fails, only one branch is affected. Staff in the pilot branch can train others. Cheaper than parallel. | Slow to reach the whole organisation. If the pilot branch fails, it suffers on its own. The pilot branch may not be typical of the others. |
| Phased | If one part fails, only that part is affected and it can be fixed. Staff learn one part at a time. | Slow: takes a long time to fully implement. Parts of old and new systems must work together, which is hard. Costly to evaluate each phase. |
7.4 Implementation · The explanation · step 6 of 17 · part 2 of 2
Advantages and disadvantages (continued)
There is no best method. The right one depends on how bad a failure would be, how much money there is, and whether the system can be split into branches or parts.
The explanation · 12 more steps
More on the lesson page
The lesson page has the rest of the explanation, step by step:
- Four ways to change over
- Choosing the right method
- Hacking
- Phishing, smishing and vishing
- Pharming
- Viruses and other malware
- Card fraud: shoulder surfing, card cloning and key logging
- Protection 1: user ID, password and two-factor authentication
- Protection 2: biometrics
- Protection 3: encryption, SSL and digital certificates
- Protection 4: firewalls
- Putting it together: threat and protection
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Quick quiz · 1 of 3
An advantage of an SSD over a hard disk is…
- A It is cheaper per GB
- B No moving parts, so it is faster and tougher
- C It has a bigger capacity
B. No moving parts, so it is faster and tougher
Hard disks still win on cost per GB.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Quick quiz · 2 of 3
A memory card in a camera is…
- A Solid state
- B Magnetic
- C Optical
A. Solid state
Flash memory, no moving parts.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Quick quiz · 3 of 3
A switch…
- A Connects to the ISP's line
- B Sends data only to the device it is for
- C Sends everything to every device
B. Sends data only to the device it is for
A hub sends to everyone. A modem talks to the ISP.
Year 11 · ICT · Paper 1 theory revision · Lesson 3 of 5
Exit ticket
Answer on paper before you go. Then check.
A WLAN is…
A A wide area networkB A wireless local area networkC A web link
B. A wireless local area network A LAN over Wi-Fi.
An intranet is…
A A private network inside an organisationB The public internetC A type of cable
A. A private network inside an organisation Same technology as the web, but only for the organisation's users.